bannera

Book A.
Introduction

Book B.
7150 Requirements Guidance

Book C.
Topics

Tools,
References, & Terms

SPAN
(NASA Only)

SWE-025 - Corrective Actions

1. Requirements

2.2.14 The project shall ensure that corrective actions are taken, recorded, and managed to closure when actual results and performance deviate from the software plans.

1.1 Notes

NPR 7150.2, NASA Software Engineering Requirements, does not include any notes for this requirement.

1.2 Applicability Across Classes

Classes D and E and Safety Critical are labeled with "SO." This means that this requirement applies to the safety-critical aspects of the software.

Class G is labeled with "P (Center)." This means that an approved Center-defined process which meets a non-empty subset of the full requirement can be used to achieve this requirement.

Class

  A_SC 

A_NSC

  B_SC 

B_NSC

  C_SC 

C_NSC

  D_SC 

D_NSC

  E_SC 

E_NSC

     F      

     G      

     H      

Applicable?

   

   

   

   

   

   

    X

   

    X

   

   

    P(C)

   

Key:    A_SC = Class A Software, Safety-Critical | A_NSC = Class A Software, Not Safety-Critical | ... | - Applicable | - Not Applicable
X - Applicable with details, read above for more | P(C) - P(Center), follow center requirements or procedures

2. Rationale

The use of a good corrective action plan and related tools (usually referred to as a "PRACA" (Problem Reporting and Corrective Action System) ensures that the software development and assurance teams understand, act upon, and close issues and discrepancies to prevent reoccurrence. Proper documentation helps the teams to track the activity, know when it is complete, and when it is eligible to be closed.  It also provides measurement data input for project metric evaluations and the development of lessons learned information.

3. Guidance

The planning and requirements documentation developed during the early phases of the project (see SWE-013, SWE-102, and SWE-109) guides development of software work products. The project management team and the software development lead work together to construct a work plan that is logical and achievable in the allotted time. During early project phases key performance factors, schedules and milestones are composed. As scheduled work is performed, it is important for the results to be reviewed to assure conformance with these plans and to assess if the expected performance has been achieved (see SWE-024). During these reviews (both formal and informal), project results are compared to plans. Tools, such as excel-based checklists, planning and tracking tools (such as Omniplan and Primavera), and/or formal configuration management systems/change control tools, are used to identify, resolve, and track to closure discrepancies and other shortfalls to project performance.

It is important to understand that the activities of "identification," "recording," and "tracking to closure" are techniques that the software development engineering team uses to address and satisfy NPR 7150.2, NASA Software Engineering Requirements, requirements related to many areas in the project, such as life cycle planning (SWE-018 and SWE-024), verification and validation (V&V) activities (SWE-030 and SWE-031), requirements development and management (SWE-054), configuration management systems (SWE-080), and the preparation of documentation to measure and record these activities (SWE-091, SWE-102, SWE-109, SWE-113, and SWE-117). NPR 7150.2 uses these terms repetitively, but users of this Handbook are expected to use them and interpret them in the context of the SWE guidance being read.

Occasionally these reviews surface a significant discrepancy between the actual and expected results of an activity. Some discrepancies are a normal part of project development activity and are resolved through the normal course of scheduled activity. These discrepancies are typically tracked informally until the developers establish a product baseline, after which discrepancies/problems are formally tracked (usually in the PRACA system) which requires evaluation, disposition and assurance oversight of the problem. The Software Development Plan or the Software Configuration Management Plan typically defines the level of the discrepancies that are required to be recorded and tracked in the formal tracking systems. Typically a Center has an approved process for problem reporting and corrective action (PRACA) activities. This requirement does not mandate a particular approach or tool as long the key elements of a corrective action activity that are described in the following paragraph are employed.

During the course of the software development activity, once a discrepancy is found that meets the criteria for formal reporting, the software development team clearly states the issue, its area of applicability across the software development activity, and the spectrum of relevant stakeholders it involves. As this information is obtained, the issue is documented in the approved process tool or data repository and an analysis is conducted of the discrepancy. The results of a properly completed analysis provide a clear understanding of the discrepancy and a proposed course of action to further investigate and resolve the discrepancy as necessary. SWE-113 provides specific details for the information needed for documenting a problem report.

The proposed course of action may be reviewed by project management and other relevant stakeholders to assure resources are available for the activity (see SWE-026). It may be necessary to update planning documentation and development schedules to account for the corrective action activity (see SWE-080). Once a corrective action activity has been approved and initiated, its progress is reviewed on a regular basis for progress and its use of planned resources. This information is used to assess whether the action itself is on course or deviating from the expected result.

An important element of the corrective action activity is the proper closeout of the action. After the activity has concluded, or when the discrepancy has been narrowed to within acceptable limits, the closeout is recorded and may include the following information:


  • Description of the issue/discrepancy.
  • Proposed corrective action, with acceptable limits.
  • Actual results/impacts from the effort.
  • Listing of required changes to requirements, schedules, resources, if any, to accommodate the result.
  • Signature(s)/concurrence by all relevant stakeholders.

Once the documentation has been completed, it can be entered into a suitable repository or configuration management system.

4. Small Projects

This requirement applies to all projects regardless of size.

5. Resources


5.1 Tools

Tools to aid in compliance with this SWE, if any, may be found in the Tools Library in the NASA Engineering Network (NEN).

NASA users find this in the Tools Library in the Software Processes Across NASA (SPAN) site of the Software Engineering Community in NEN.

The list is informational only and does not represent an “approved tool list”, nor does it represent an endorsement of any particular tool. The purpose is to provide examples of tools being used across the Agency and to help projects and centers decide what tools to consider.

6. Lessons Learned

 The NASA Lessons Learned database contains the following lessons learned related to corrective actions:

  1. Probable Scenario for Mars Polar Lander (MPL) Mission Loss (1998), Lesson No. 0938: "Description: Neither the MPL software requirements specification nor the software, subsystem or system test plans required verification of immunity to transient signals. MPL touchdown sensors generated known transient signals at leg deployment. Full leg deployment test was not repeated after wiring corrections. Tests should be re-run after test deficiencies are corrected or hardware or software is revised unless clear rationale exists for not doing so. Hardware operational characteristics, including transients and spurious signals must be reflected in software requirements and verified by test." 529
  2. Problem Reporting and Corrective Action System, Lesson No. 0738. "This Lesson Learned is based on Reliability Practice No. PD-ED-1255; from NASA Technical Memorandum 4322A, NASA Reliability Preferred Practices for Design and Test." 520