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h3. Welcome from John Kelly
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Welcome to the NASA Software Engineering Handbook (EHB).  This wiki based handbook provides users and practitioners with guidance material for implementing the requirements of NPR 7150.2, NASA Software Engineering Requirements. Use of this EHB is intended to provide "best in class" guidance for successful software executables in support of NASA projects. This EHB is a key component of NASA's Software Working Group's (SWG)^*^ implementation of an Agency wide plan to work toward continuous, sustained software engineering process and product improvements.

The SWG designed this handbook for the community that is involved in the acquisition, management, development, assurance, maintenance, and operations of NASA software.  Readers can use it to sharpen their skills in specific areas or suggest valuable guidance for others in the NASA software community.  Novice and journeyman software team members can use the handbook as an easily accessible reference or manual which captures the broad knowledge base of numerous experts who have extensive experience in all aspects of NASA's software systems. 
 
In this EHB wiki you will see information for determining the scope and applicability of the individual requirements from NPR 7150.2. You will also see rationale, implementation guidance, tools used in the development of NASA software, pointers to key lessons learned, and select references for further information.  

We have adopted the 'wiki' approach for this version of the handbook to encourage you to submit candidate improvements to the information in this handbook. Your comments, suggestions for improvement, offerings of additional candidate material for the handbook, and identification of errors are solicited to make this a living and ongoing source of useful information. You can use the comments box on almost any page of the wiki to submit your inputs and responses. The SWG's EHB team will review and disposition your comments to enhance the wealth of useful material which is now at the fingertips of NASA's software community. 

We hope you find the information provided by many contributing experts, distilled into useful chunks by the EHB team, and jointly reviewed by NASA's SWG and MSSC ^**^ members helpful in your day to day quest for engineering excellence.



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Software Program Executive: John C. Kelly ([Bio|https://nen.nasa.gov/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=f9e9f49c-ab83-45a3-a831-f32d0f974d10&groupId=14202])

\* Chartered by the NASA Engineering Management Board and funded by the NASA HQ Office of Chief Engineer
\*\* NASA Mission Software Steering Committee

(Contact the EHB webmaster for resolution of technical difficulties.)
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Welcome NSWG/MSSC reviewers\! Here is a list of the schedule of the review and associated sections.
* {color:#ff0000}Red Team{color} -- JSC, GSFC, SSC, SA+IV&V
* {color:#3366ff}Blue Team{color} -- MSFC, KSC, ARC, SA+IV&V
* {color:#339966}Green Team{color} -- JPL, GRC, LaRC, DRFC, SA+IV&V

*Click on BOOK A tab above to see full schedule with list of items for each review team.*

This site is under development.  You can follow the navigation above to explore the site.  If you have any questions, please contact [Jon Verville|mailto:jon.verville@nasa.gov] at 301-286-8741.{info}

We are glad you have come to the NASA Software Engineering Handbook site.  The purpose of this site is to provide key insights to you, a Software Engineering professional.  We plan on two phases of release: the first up to 30% material complete in February 2011, and 80% material complete in October 2011.

To view a presentation that was given on the handbook development to the Software Engineering Working Group in August 2010, [click here|^7150handbook-swgf2f-_jonv_REV-C.ppt].

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h4. How is this different than any other NASA handbook?

The Software Engineering handbook will have two components. A PDF/printable version for those who wish to use the material in a more traditional way.  We are also developing this website as an interactive and dynamic version of the same material. We plan on utilizing web technologies, such as tagging (folksonomies), social commenting, and web editability and versioning to enhance the experience of what a handbook for print provides.

Already, we are accepting comments at the very bottom of this page. You may leave an anonymous comment, but please use responsibly and according to the [Code of Conduct|7150:What is an interactive web handbook?].

h4. Special Topic Material

There are a total of 37 special topics which will be chapters within the handbook. {color:#0000ff}* You can click on the third tab (features and topics) above to view what topics exist so far in the handbook.*{color} A partial list is as follows:

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7.1 - 7150.2A Definitions & References, 7.2 - Classification Tool and Safety Critical Assessment Tool, 7.3 - Lifecycle Management, 7.4 - Entrance / Exit Criteria for 7150.2A, 7.5 - Documentation Products Maturity (List of material maturity by phase of mission), 7.6-8 - 7150.2A's Traceability to Other NPRs, 7.9 - Software Acquisition, 7.10 - P(Center) Guidance, 7.11 - Use of COTS, GOTS, MOTS, 7.12 - Flow down of NPR requirements on contracts and to other centers in multi center projects, 7.13 - Present requirements by class and include safety critical and assurance requirements, 7.14 - Overview and history of the SPI effort, 7.15 - Peer review and inspections including checklists, 7.16 - Transitioning to a higher class, 7.17 - Explanation of enforcement of NPR requirements, 7.18 - Compliance matrices.
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h4. Material by SWE Requirement Number

The NASA Software Engineering standards are laid out in the NPR 7150.2A document ([click here to view it on the web|http://nodis3.gsfc.nasa.gov/displayDir.cfm?t=NPR&c=7150&s=2]).  Within the document, there are requirements numbering up to 130.  {color:#0000ff}{*}You can click the second tab (requirements guidance) above to view what guidance exists so far in the handbook.*{color} We will be producing material for each of these requirements in the following areas: Guidance, Rationale, Tools Available, Links, Guidance for Small Projects, and Lessons Learned.
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[!handbookteam.jpg|border=1,width=370,height=288!|^handbookteam.jpg]

*Welcome from your handbook team\! ?**[Click for more info...|7150:Handbook team]*
We are (left to right): Dan Gauntner, Jon Verville, Lee Jackson,
Tommy Tayman, Kathy Malnick, and Kevin Carmichael (Lead)
{color:#808080}Not pictured: Dave York{color}
{color:#808080}Picture taken in front of the{color} {color:#808080}[new A-3 Test Stand|http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/image_feature_1919.html]{color} {color:#808080}[at SSC|http://blogs.nasa.gov/cm/blog/J2X/posts/post_1290439982673.html]{color}


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h1. EHB Introduction 

The NASA Software Electronic Handbook (EHB) originated from multiple request for additional guidance, rationale, resources, references and lessons learned for acquiring, managing, developing, assuring and maintaining NASA software systems. The decision to use an electronic,&nbsp;{term:wiki}&nbsp;-based, format evolved to accommodate the following progressive needs:

* to publish material in a timely fashion 
* to provide needed information in concise screen friendly chunks
* to simplify updates to the handbook 
* to make it easily searchable 
* to engage the NASA software community by providing an easy to use vehicle for 
** providing feedback
** sharing examples of best practices
** contributing lessons learned developed on their own projects

The EHB is accessible on the [NASA Engineering Network|https://nen.nasa.gov/web/nen]. The Agency's software community will find they have complete and speedy access to all written content written and reference links in the handbook.  An important set of links are provided to relevant processes, templates, and tools in the NASA Process Asset Library (PAL).

EHB wiki can be used in a similar manner to hardcopy guidebooks, but offers distinct advantages for the reader. Once a general familiarity with the resource is obtained, (typically a quick scan and flip thru a Table of Contents, Chapter organization, and included Reference/Appendix material) the user will be able to directly access concise information relevant to their interest or need.  

Users are encouraged to provide general feedback on the EHB by using the comments box found on the wiki pages. Suggestions for improvements, identification of errors, and proposed additions to the EHB are all welcome. The EHB development team will review and disposition comments received. Additions, if approved for posting by the EHB editor, will be added via incremental updates.

The EHB is organized in a series of cross-linked Books and Appendices.   The basic information is presented within these Books in the form of essays providing guidance on the implementation of each software engineering requirement (SWE) and essays in the form of Topics, which are more expansive on particular ideas and contain additional instructions for developing and acquiring software. Book A essays include listings and references to software development tools used around the Agency, the [full 7150.2A requirements list|https://sna.grc.nasa.gov/display/7150/,DanaInfo=nasa7150.onconfluence.com+Full+7150.2A+Requirements+List] where you can view the complete text of the NPR 7150.2 requirements with links to each section in the handbook, a small projects Guidance compilation, and lists of terms used in the EHB.

The EHB provides guidance associated with each SWE-xx requirement. Software developers should note that the information provided in these modules are general approaches for Agency use.  They should consult their NASA Center resources for local procedures and guidance when available. 

{panel} The Software Engineering Electronic Handbook is available from the [Software Engineering Community of Practice|https://nen.nasa.gov/web/software] homepage.  This site offers additional guidance and information to software developers, including the [Ask an Expert|https://nen.nasa.gov/web/software/aae] pick, a [Contact List|https://nen.nasa.gov/web/software/], a [Classification Tool|https://nasa7150.onconfluence.com/display/7150/7.2+-+Classification+Tool+and+Safety+Critical+Assessment+Tool] (Beta), a [Document Repository|https://nen.nasa.gov/web/software/documents], and much more. Frequent users may wish to add a direct bookmark to the EBH in their browser  <http://nasa7150.onconfluence.com/display/7150/Home>.{panel}

Within the EHB, Book A is an online introduction to the wiki itself.  Book B contains the developed guidance for each SWE.  (Note that the SWE descriptions are organized in six Chapters that mirror the organization of NPR 7150.2).  The SWE are presented in nominal ascending numerical order, with some higher numbered SWE intermixed.  These latter SWE represent the changes made between the NPR 7150.2 and the NPR 7150.2A revisions. 

The EHB was written so each SWE guidance section provides a stand alone information chunk. To enhance the usefulness of each module, the guidance include hyperlinks for easy reference to related SWEs and Topics.  Book C contains special Topic discussions that are broader than any single SWE.  Many of the special Topics take the form of 'how to' and instructional material for users seeking to improve their knowledge and practices in software engineering.  It is expected that special Topics will help the user go beyond the minimum descriptions presented in each SWE. Many Topic numbers are reserved at this time for future use. 

To further assist the user in finding needed and useful information, a 'tag" system has been developed using the [SMARTS Tagging approach|http://nasa7150.onconfluence.com/display/TOOL/2010/11/17/Fwd++FW++SMARTS+Tagging+Scheme] to indicate relationships between or among individual ideas contained within multiple SWEs. Book D lists the current tags and labels that are used throughout the handbook.  A [tagging search|http://nasa7150.onconfluence.com/display/7150/Tag+Multi-Select] feature in Book D allows both individual and multiple tag searching. Tagging searches provide an additional way for users to browse and discover content within the handbook. The terms 'tag' and 'label' are used interchangeably in the handbook. 

In the EHB a typical SWE essay has six sections;

* THE REQUIREMENT:  This section is a restatement of the NPR 7150.2 requirement wording, including any Notes from either the requirement paragraph itself, or any applicable note from Appendix D. This section also gives a tabular representation of the applicability to each [software class|http://nodis3.gsfc.nasa.gov/displayDir.cfm?Internal_ID=N_PR_7150_002A_&page_name=AppendixE]. \\
{note} The text in this section can only be altered via an approved change request and NODIS update of NPR 7150.2. {note}

* RATIONALE:  This section provides useful information regarding the purpose of the requirement. Occasionally, historical information and or references are included to further support the rationale statement.

* GUIDANCE:  This section provides information helpful for interpreting the requirement, its scope, its relationship to other SWE, associated best practices, and reference to supporting materials (standards, guides, published technical papers, the [NASA Engineering Network|https://nen.nasa.gov/web/] and the [NASA Process Asset Library (PAL)|https://nen.nasa.gov/web/software/nasa-software-process-asset-library-pal] materials)

* SMALL PROJECTS:  This section suggests implementation aids to small projects to help satisfy the SWE while accommodating the typically limited resources of time, funds, and personnel. It may be useful to look at the [Small Projects Guidance Compilation|http://nasa7150.onconfluence.com/display/7150/Small+Project+Guidance+Compilation] descriptions in the aggregate to pick up addition suggestions for the particular SWE of interest. 

* RESOURCES:  This section provides a listing of referenced and footnoted texts, documents in NASA repositories and out on the web, and other useful documents (e.g., checklists or templates).  It is instructive to note that the handbook authors also included in the Resources sections listings of what might be best described as 'additional reading',  i.e., useful items not specifically cited or linked to in the GUIDANCE section, but thought by the authors to contain educational or expanded discussions of the ides covered in the SWE write up. \\ \\
Also within this section is usually a separate table listing of tools, items that will help the user satisfy the requirement (e.g., developer tools,). The handbook wiki links SWEs and tools thru the use of a master [Tools table|http://nasa7150.onconfluence.com/display/7150/Tools+Table]. The Tools table provides web sites for accessing the tool.  It also lists Center(s) that currently use the tool in case the reader wants to seek out the 'experiences' with a current user of the tool. Readers are invited to submit their tools for candidate inclusion in the Tools table for the benefit of others around the Agency.

* LESSONS LEARNED (LL):  This section contains references to the experiences of others involved in NASA software development activities as well as other industry and government development efforts. The majority are catalogued in the [Public Lessons Learned library|http://llis.nasa.gov/llis/search/home.jsp] at the [Office of the Chief Engineer (OCE)|https://nen.nasa.gov/web/oce].  Some are derived from specialized project or Center collections as well as reputable industry and government groups.  Occasionally a lesson has only indirect applicability to the requirement. It is presented as a related lesson that can be applied to help understand the content of the EHB.

Remember that the NPR 7150.2 is a requirements document. It uses 'shall' exclusively to indicate requirements.  Applicability of a NPR 7150.2 requirement is determined by NASA Software Classification and the matrix in Appendix D (of the NPR). The EHB is not a requirements document, only an informational document. +*NO* new requirements are added by the EHB.+  The authors strove to exclude the use of 'shall' and 'should' in any paragraph that might be interpreted as a requirement or even an augmentation to a requirement. 

The NPR 7150.2 made extensive use of the NPR's Notes sections to help with the interpretation of the SWE.  This handbook is intended to collaborate with and to augment the NPR's Notes.

The [Requirements Mapping Matrix (RMM) (Appendix D|http://nodis3.gsfc.nasa.gov/displayDir.cfm?Internal_ID=N_PR_7150_002A_&page_name=AppendixD], NPR 7150.2) provides a list of the applicability of each requirement by the Class of software being developed. Associated with many of the entries in the RMM are one or more notes that modify the applicability of the requirement for a particular Class.  Since the EHB makes explicit mention of these modifiers in section 1 of the essay, an additional explanation for each note is included here.

The "X" notation signifies that the full requirement (assuming no 'exceptions') is applicable to the software.  Note that requirements labeled with an "X" can still be tailored with the appropriate approvals, or otherwise affected by approved deviations and or waivers. The "SO" (i.e., Safety Only) designation signifies that the requirement for the classification of software needs only to satisfy the safety aspects of the requirement.  This may require the use of checklists (e.g., use of the 'litmus test') in [NASA STD 8739.8 Software Assurance Standard|https://standards.nasa.gov/documents/detail/3315130]  and [NASA STD 8719.13 Software Safety Standard|https://standards.nasa.gov/documents/detail/3314914] to determine specifically what parts of the project, its software, and therefore the requirement, are applicable to ensure the development of safe software. The "P (Center)" designation, while amply described in [SWE-140], is used separately or in combination with the "SO" modifier. The "P (Center)" modifier is only applicable to the items of the requirement that do not incur a 'safety-critical' designation. The interpretation is consciously left to the individual Center Technical Authorities since they and their individual projects are unique, and this tends to make one universal applicable statement too inexact.

Some general comments:
 
* Note that the SWE titles in the EHB may not always agree with those in the NPR.  The writing team expanded the titles for some of the SWE to help distinguish between other similarly sounding names (e.g., Bidirectional traceability). 

* The EHB uses a &nbsp;{term:hover-over} &nbsp; technique to provide a definition of a unique term (see the [Terms Table|http://nasa7150.onconfluence.com/display/SITE/Terms] for a complete list).

* While attempts were made to cite publically available (i.e., 'free') references, there may be an occasional reference that suggests the reader 'buy' a copy.  If you come across one of these, try to access it through the [NASA START (technical standards)|https://standards.nasa.gov/public] site. A simple and quick registration and password are required.   This NASA site provides prepaid access to many external repositories through an Agency wide agreement with the site.

* Much of the referenced material listed in the Resources section is located on the NASA Headquarters NODIS site (e.g., NPR's, NPD's), in the Agency PAL (Process Asset Library; e.g., materials from the OCE, Public Lessons learned), or in the [NASA Technical Standards repository|http://standards.nasa.gov/] (START); e.g., NASA standards, IEEE standards, etc.). 

* Extensive citations are also made to external sites (e.g., Hill AFB at [STSC|http://www.stsc.hill.af.mil/], Software Engineering Institute-[SEI|http://www.sei.cmu.edu/reports/10tr033.pdf]), and to general web-hosted sites (Caveat: since the web is a dynamic place, some references in the Resources section of the SWE may be discontinued online or moved to another host by their owners).
 
Each page of the EHB has a 'Comments' box to allow feedback and proposed inputs to revisions and updates to the EHB.  The EHB Development Team requests comments on errors,   inputs on real or perceived conflicts among the essays within the EHB and suggestions for additional material such as best-in-class examples, templates, tools or lessons learned topics. 

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